The maritime industry, responsible for transporting nearly 90% of global trade, is under growing pressure to reduce its environmental footprint. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced a range of measures to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve fuel efficiency. Among these initiatives, the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) stands out as a practical framework designed to enhance ship energy performance through structured management and continuous improvement. In this article, we will examine the purpose, structure, and practical application of the SEEMP on board merchant vessels, as well as its connection with other IMO instruments such as the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII).
Background: Why SEEMP?
The shipping sector accounts for about 3% of global CO₂ emissions, and without regulatory measures, these figures could increase in line with trade growth. To tackle this challenge, the IMO adopted MARPOL Annex VI amendments introducing the SEEMP as a mandatory requirement.
Since 1 January 2013, all ships of 400 GT and above engaged in international trade must carry a SEEMP on board. The plan is intended as a ship-specific management tool that supports shipowners and operators in monitoring and improving fuel efficiency during daily operations.
Regulatory Framework for SEEMP
- The SEEMP is closely linked to other IMO energy efficiency measures:
- EEDI (Energy Efficiency Design Index): Applies to new ships, setting design efficiency standards.
- EEXI (Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index): Introduced in 2023, extending efficiency requirements to existing ships.
- CII (Carbon Intensity Indicator): A performance-based measure requiring ships to meet annual carbon intensity reduction targets.
While EEDI/EEXI provide technical baselines, the SEEMP focuses on operational measures, ensuring that vessels in service continually improve their efficiency.
Structure of the SEEMP
The SEEMP is a living document tailored to each vessel. Its structure generally follows IMO guidelines (Resolution MEPC.282(70)), and includes:
a) Part I – Ship-Specific Energy Efficiency Measures
This section outlines strategies and best practices to improve efficiency, such as:
- Optimized voyage planning.
- Speed management (slow steaming, weather routing).
- Hull and propeller maintenance.
- Energy-efficient cargo handling.
- Engine operation and tuning.
- Waste heat recovery and auxiliary systems optimization.
b) Part II – Ship Fuel Oil Consumption Data Collection Plan (DCP)
Introduced under IMO Data Collection System (DCS), Part II details the methodology for recording and reporting fuel consumption. Ships ≥ 5000 GT must submit annual fuel oil consumption data to the IMO via their flag State.
c) Part III – Implementation of CII Monitoring and Reporting
From 2023 onwards, SEEMP must include a plan to monitor annual operational carbon intensity and ensure compliance with CII rating requirements (Grades A–E). If a ship receives a D or E rating for three consecutive years, corrective actions must be taken.
SEEMP Implementation on Board
For the SEEMP to be effective, it must be more than a document kept for inspection. Successful implementation requires:
a) Clear Responsibilities
- The Master and officers must integrate SEEMP measures into daily operations.
- The shipowner/management company ensures support, training, and resources.
b) Data Collection and Monitoring
Accurate data is the foundation of SEEMP. Fuel consumption, distance travelled, cargo carried, and other operational parameters are logged using:
- Flow meters and torque meters.
- Electronic chart systems (ECDIS) for voyage data.
- Noon reports submitted to the office.
c) Analysis and Feedback
Collected data is analyzed to identify trends and benchmark performance. KPIs such as Fuel Consumption per Nautical Mile or grams of CO₂ per ton-mile help measure progress.
d) Continuous Improvement
The SEEMP should evolve. For example, if data analysis shows hull fouling as a significant efficiency loss, more frequent cleaning may be introduced.
Typical Energy Efficiency Measures in SEEMP
Below are some operational practices commonly included in SEEMP:
- Voyage Optimization: Using weather routing and Just-in-Time (JIT) arrival strategies.
- Speed Reduction (Slow Steaming): Even a small reduction in speed can significantly cut fuel consumption.
- Trim and Draft Optimization: Ensuring optimal stability and hydrodynamics.
- Hull and Propeller Cleaning: Regular maintenance reduces resistance.
- Engine Performance Monitoring: Cylinder pressure analysis, fuel injector checks, and turbocharger maintenance.
- Auxiliary Power Management: Optimizing generator load and using shaft generators when possible.
- Waste Heat Recovery: Utilizing exhaust gas economizers for steam production.
- Energy-Efficient Cargo Operations: Optimizing ballast exchange, cargo heating, and pumping systems.
SEEMP and Shipboard Safety
While SEEMP promotes efficiency, it must never compromise safety of navigation, crew welfare, or cargo integrity. For example, slow steaming can reduce emissions but may not be feasible in adverse weather or tight schedules. Therefore, risk assessment and operational flexibility are vital.
Verification and Auditing of SEEMP
The SEEMP must be kept on board and subject to review by:
- Flag State authorities during surveys.
- Port State Control (PSC) inspections.
- Class societies, if authorized.
Verification includes checking:
- That SEEMP is ship-specific and up-to-date.
- That fuel consumption and CII reports are consistent with logbooks.
- That corrective action plans are implemented when required.
Challenges in SEEMP Implementation
Despite its importance, SEEMP faces challenges such as:
- Data Accuracy: Manual noon reports are prone to human error.
- Crew Engagement: Without proper training, SEEMP remains a paper exercise.
- Economic Pressures: Charterers may prioritize speed and schedules over efficiency.
- Technology Integration: Installing advanced monitoring systems requires investment
Future of SEEMP in Sustainable Shipping
The SEEMP will continue to evolve in line with IMO’s decarbonization strategy (aiming to reduce GHG emissions from shipping by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008). Future developments may include:
- Integration with real-time digital platforms for automated performance monitoring.
- Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for predictive voyage optimization.
- Incorporation of alternative fuels (LNG, methanol, ammonia, hydrogen).
- Stronger alignment with EU ETS (Emission Trading System) and other regional regulations.
Conclusion: SEEMP as a Tool for Compliance and Savings
The Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) is more than a regulatory requirement—it is a cornerstone of sustainable maritime operations. By systematically identifying, implementing, and monitoring energy efficiency measures, SEEMP helps ship operators reduce fuel costs, comply with international regulations, and contribute to the global effort against climate change.